Analysis of Cultural and Pathogenic Diversity in Bipolaris sorokiniana Causing Spot Blotch of Bread Wheat in North India
International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry,
Page 12-22
DOI:
10.9734/irjpac/2021/v22i430400
Abstract
Present study was conducted to analyse the cultural and pathogenic diversity in different isolates of Bipolaris sorokiniana the causal organism of spot blotch in bread wheat. Six isolates of Biplorais sorokiniana (BS-F-5, BS-D-2, BS-K,4, BS-DWR-K-1, BS-V-6, and BS-P-3) were evaluated simultaneously for cultural and pathogenic variability on the basis of diverse characteristics against seven different genotypes of wheat grown in the region viz: BOW’S’, HS 375, HUW 234, PBW 343, PBW 443, K9107 and A9-30-1. The results indicated that isolates varied significantly among themselves for all the characters analysed. The isolate BS-F-5 exhibited the maximum colony diameter, maximum average dimension (length and width) of conidiophore, maximum number of septa in conidiophore and conidia. Variations were also observed in texture of the colony. Among the seven genotypes tested against six isolates, BOW’S’ showed resistance against three isolates (BS-D-2, BS-K,4, BS-DWR-K-1) and genotype A-9-30-1 showed high susceptibility against all isolates except BS-D-2. The isolates BS-F-5 and BS-P-3 exhibited maximum pathogenic virulence among the isolates analysed in the present investigation.
Keywords:
- Bipolaris sorokiniana
- bread wheat
- resistance
- susceptibility
- pathogenic variability
- virulence
- avirulence
How to Cite
Chauhan, A., Mishra, L. K., Singh, R. V., & Singh, R. (2021). Analysis of Cultural and Pathogenic Diversity in Bipolaris sorokiniana Causing Spot Blotch of Bread Wheat in North India. International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 22(4), 12-22. https://doi.org/10.9734/irjpac/2021/v22i430400
References
Singh RV, Singh AK, Ahmad R, Singh SP. Influence of agronomic practices on foliar blight, and identification of alternate hosts in rice–wheat cropping system. Helminthosporium Blights of Wheat: Spot Blotch and Tan Spot. 1998;346-348.
Singh DP, Saharan MS, Kumar P. Mapping of Bipolaris sorokiniana causing leaf blight in wheat in different agroclimatic zones of India and analysis of variability. Jour. Mycol. Pl. Pathol. 2004;34:1008-1009.
Singh RN, Chauhan A, Singh AK. Foliar blight of wheat under rice-wheat system in eastern India. J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol. 2004; 34:518-519.
Acharya K, Dutta AK, Pradhan P. Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem.: The most destructive wheat fungal pathogen in the warmer areas. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 2011;5(9):1064.
Sharma RC, Duveiller E, Ortiz-Ferrara G. Progress and challenge towards reducing wheat spot blotch threat in the Eastern Gangetic Plains of South Asia: is climate change already taking its toll?. Field Crops Research. 2007;103(2):109-118.
Gupta PK, Chand R, Vasistha NK, Pandey SP, Kumar U, Mishra VK, Joshi AK. Spot blotch disease of wheat: The current status of research on genetics and breeding. Plant pathology. 2018;67(3):508-531.
Tamang S, Kumar S, Das S, Mahapatra S. Role of abiotic factors on disease progression of Spot blotch of Wheat. Indian Phytopathology. 2020;1-7.
Raza M, Muzammil H, Ghazanfer MU. Characterization and pathogenicity of Biplolaris sorokiniana caused spot blotch of wheat in Pakistan. FUUAST Journal of Biology. 2014;4(1):97-100.
Sun XF, Zhang DX, Gong GS, Qi XB, Ye KH, Zhou Y, Liu N, Chang XL. Spot blotch on volunteer wheat plants in Sichuan, China. Journal of Plant Pathology. 2015; 173-176.
Joshi AK, Chand R, Arun B. Relationship of plant height and days to maturity with resistance to spot blotch in wheat. Euphytica. 2002a;123(2):221- 228.
Joshi AK, Ortiz-Ferrara G, Crossa J, Singh G, Alvarado G, Bhatta MR, Duveiller E. Associations of environments in South Asia based on spot blotch disease of wheat caused by Cochliobolus sativus. Crop Science. 2007;47(3):1071-1081.
Sharma RC, Duveiller E, Ahmed F, Arun B, Bhandari D, Bhatta MR, Chand R. Helminthosporium leaf blight resistance and agronomic performance of wheat genotypes across warm regions of South Asia. Plant Breeding. 2004a;123(6):520-524.
Sharma RC, Duveiller E, Gyawali S, Shrestha SM, Chaudhary NK, Bhatta MR. Resistance to Helminthosporium leaf blight and agronomic performance of spring wheat genotypes of diverse origins. Euphytica. 2004b;139(1):33-44.
Sharma RC, Duveiller E. Effect of Helminthosporium leaf blight on performance of timely and late-seeded wheat under optimal and stressed levels of soil fertility and moisture. Field Crops Research. 2004;89(2-3):205-218.
Duveiller EM, Kandel YR, Sharma RC, Shrestha SM. Epidemiology of foliar blights (spot blotch and tan spot) of wheat in the plains bordering the Himalayas. Phytopathology. 2005;95(3):248-256.
Badaruddin M, Saunders DA, Siddique AB, Hossain MA, Ahmed MU, Rahman MM, Parveen S. Determining yield constraints for wheat production in Bangladesh. In: DA Saunders, GP Hettel (eds), Proceedings of the Wheat in heat‐stressed environments: Irrigated, dry areas and rice–wheat systems conferences, 1993, Wad Medani, Sudan and Dinajpur, Bangladesh, Mexico DF, Mexico, CIMMYT. 1994;256–271.
Iftikhar S, Shahzad A, Rattu A, Mohammad F, Munir A. Selection of barley germplasm resistant to spot blotch. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 2009;41:309-314.
Eisa M, Chand R, Joshi AK. Biochemical and histochemical parameters associated with slow blighting of spot blotch (Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem.) in wheat (Triticum spp.). Zemdirbyste-Agriculture. 2013;100(2):191-198.
Duveiller EM, Sharma RC. Genetic improvement and crop management strategies to minimize yield losses in warm non‐traditional wheat growing areas due to spot blotch pathogen Cochliobolus sativus. Journal of Phytopathology. 2009;157(9): 521-534.
Iftikhar S, Shahzad A, Rattu A, Munir A, Fayyaz M. Screening of commercial wheat varieties to spot blotch under controlled and field conditions. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 2012;44(1):361-363.
Mohammadi R, Behzad S, Hasan A, Nowzar, Amri A. Field evaluation of durum wheat landraces for prevailing abiotic and biotic stresses in highland rainfed regions of Iran. The Crop Journal. 2015;3(5):423-433.
Manamgoda DS, Rossman AY, Castlebury LA, Pedro WC, Chukeatirote HME, Kevin D. Hyde. "The genus Bipolaris." Studies in mycology. 2014;79:221-288.
Duveiller EM, Sharma RC. Genetic improvement and crop management strategies to minimize yield losses in warm non‐traditional wheat growing areas due to spot blotch pathogen Cochliobolus sativus. Journal of Phytopathology. 2009;157(9): 521-534.
Maraite H, Zinno TD, Longree H, Daumerie V, Duveiller E. Fungi associated with foliar blight of wheat in warm areas. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Helminthosporium Diseases of Wheat: Spot Blotch and Tan Spot, El Batán. 1998; 293-300.
Joshi AK, Chand R. Variation and inheritance of leaf angle, and its association with spot blotch (Bipolaris sorokiniana) severity in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Euphytica. 2002b;124(3):283-291.
Kumar S, Archak S, Tyagi RK, Kumar J, Vikas VK, Jacob SR, Srinivasan K, Radahmani J, Parimalan R, Sivaswamy M, Yadav M, Tyagi S, Bansal KC. Evaluation of 19,460 wheat accessions conserved in the Indian national genebank to identify new sources of resistance to rust and spot blotch diseases. PloS One. 2016;11(12): e0167702.
Ayana GT, Ali S, Sidhu JS, Gonzalez Hernandez JL, Turnipseed B, Sehgal SK. Genome-wide association study for spot blotch resistance in hard winter wheat. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2018;9:926.
Munsell Color., Baltimore. [Soil color charts]; Munsell soil color charts. Gretag Macbeth; 2000.
Jang S, Kwon SL, Lee H, Jang Y, Park MS, Lim YW, Kim JJ. New report of three unrecorded species in Trichoderma harzianum species complex in Korea. Mycobiology. 2018;46(3):177-184.
Joshi LM, Singh DV, Srivastava KD. Manual of wheat diseases. No. 632.311 JOS. CIMMYT; 1988.
Dubin J. Foliar blight disease scale. In Proc. 31st All India Wheat Research Workers Workshop, IARI, New Delhi; 1992.
Aggarwal R, Singh VB, Gurjar MS, Gupta S, Srinivas P. Intraspecific variations in Indian isolates of Bipolaris sorokiniana infecting wheat based on morphological, pathogenic and molecular characters. Indian Phytopathol. 2009;62(4):449-460.
Dinesh S, Varsha T, Beg MJ, Singh RK. Variability characterization of Bipolaris sorokiniana populations causing black point disease in wheat. Indian Phytopatho-logy. 2013;66(1):72-76.
Poloni A, Pessi IS, Frazzon APG, Van Der Sand ST. Morphology, physiology, and virulence of Bipolaris sorokiniana isolates. Current Microbiology. 2009;59(3):267-273.
Nasrin Z, Ferdousy ZA, Sarker BC, Sultana S, Adhikary SK, Mondal Chhoa. Effect of subculturing and culture age on sporulation and morphological characteristics of Bipolaris sorokiniana. Khulna University Studies. 2017;14(1 & 2): 59-70.
Bandyopadhyay S, Laha SK, Chowdhury AK, Bhattacharya PM. Characterization of different isolates of Bipolaris/Alternaria causing spot blotch/blight of wheat and their test of pathogenicity. Indian Phytopathol. 2016;69(4s):110-112.
Akram M, Singh A. Variability and characterization of host response to Helminthosporium sativum, incitant of spot blotch of wheat. Indian Phytopathology; 2012.
Mahto BN, Singh DV, Srivastava KD, Aggarwal R. Cultural variability in isolates of Drechslera sorokiniana. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences (India); 2001.
Chand R, Pandey SP, Singh HV, Kumar S, Joshi AK. Variability and its probable cause in natural populations of spot blotch pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in India/Variabilität und ihre wahrscheinliche Ursache in natürlichen Populationen des Erregers von Blattflecken (Bipolaris sorokiniana) an Weizen (Triticum aestivum L.) in Indien. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz/Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection. 2003;27-35.
Kumar U, Joshi AK, Kumar S, Chand R, Röder MS. Mapping of resistance to spot blotch disease caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana in spring wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2009;118(4):783-792.
Tinline RD. Cochliobolus sativus: V. heterokaryosis and parasexuality. Canadian Journal of Botany. 1962;40(3): 425-437.
Christensen JJ. Physiologic specialization and mutation in Helminthosporium sativum. Phytopathology. 1925;15(12):785-795.
Tinline RD. Pathogenic and cultural variation in Cochliobolus sativus. Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 1960;43(4).
Hetzler J, Eyal Z, Mehta YR, Campos LA, Fehrmann H, Kushnir U, Zekaria-Oren J, Cohen L. Interactions between spot blotch (Cochliobolus sativus) and wheat cultivars. In Wheat for the nontraditional warm areas: a proceedings of the International Conference July 29-August 3 1990 Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil. Cimmyt. 1991;146-164.
Jeger MJ. Analysis of disease progress as a basis for evaluating disease manage-ment practices. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2004;42:61-82.
Asad S, Iiftikhar S, Munir A, Ahmad I. Characterization of Bipolaris sorokiniana isolated from different agro-ecological zones of wheat production in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 2009;41:301–308.
Henson JM, Butler MJ, Day AW. The dark side of the mycelium: Melanins of phytopathogenic fungi. Annual Review of Phytopathology. 1999;37:447–471.
Verma SK, Chaurasia SK, Pankaj YK, Kumar R. Study on the genetic variability and pathogenicity assessment among isolates of spot blotch causing fungi (Bipolaris sorokiniana) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant Physiology Reports, 2020;25(2):255-267.
Singh DP, Saharan MS, Kumar P. Mapping of Bipolaris sorokiniana causing leaf blight in wheat in different agroclimatic zones of India and analysis of variability. Jour. Mycol. Pl. Pathol. 2004;34:1008-1009.
Singh RN, Chauhan A, Singh AK. Foliar blight of wheat under rice-wheat system in eastern India. J. Mycol. Pl. Pathol. 2004; 34:518-519.
Acharya K, Dutta AK, Pradhan P. Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem.: The most destructive wheat fungal pathogen in the warmer areas. Australian Journal of Crop Science. 2011;5(9):1064.
Sharma RC, Duveiller E, Ortiz-Ferrara G. Progress and challenge towards reducing wheat spot blotch threat in the Eastern Gangetic Plains of South Asia: is climate change already taking its toll?. Field Crops Research. 2007;103(2):109-118.
Gupta PK, Chand R, Vasistha NK, Pandey SP, Kumar U, Mishra VK, Joshi AK. Spot blotch disease of wheat: The current status of research on genetics and breeding. Plant pathology. 2018;67(3):508-531.
Tamang S, Kumar S, Das S, Mahapatra S. Role of abiotic factors on disease progression of Spot blotch of Wheat. Indian Phytopathology. 2020;1-7.
Raza M, Muzammil H, Ghazanfer MU. Characterization and pathogenicity of Biplolaris sorokiniana caused spot blotch of wheat in Pakistan. FUUAST Journal of Biology. 2014;4(1):97-100.
Sun XF, Zhang DX, Gong GS, Qi XB, Ye KH, Zhou Y, Liu N, Chang XL. Spot blotch on volunteer wheat plants in Sichuan, China. Journal of Plant Pathology. 2015; 173-176.
Joshi AK, Chand R, Arun B. Relationship of plant height and days to maturity with resistance to spot blotch in wheat. Euphytica. 2002a;123(2):221- 228.
Joshi AK, Ortiz-Ferrara G, Crossa J, Singh G, Alvarado G, Bhatta MR, Duveiller E. Associations of environments in South Asia based on spot blotch disease of wheat caused by Cochliobolus sativus. Crop Science. 2007;47(3):1071-1081.
Sharma RC, Duveiller E, Ahmed F, Arun B, Bhandari D, Bhatta MR, Chand R. Helminthosporium leaf blight resistance and agronomic performance of wheat genotypes across warm regions of South Asia. Plant Breeding. 2004a;123(6):520-524.
Sharma RC, Duveiller E, Gyawali S, Shrestha SM, Chaudhary NK, Bhatta MR. Resistance to Helminthosporium leaf blight and agronomic performance of spring wheat genotypes of diverse origins. Euphytica. 2004b;139(1):33-44.
Sharma RC, Duveiller E. Effect of Helminthosporium leaf blight on performance of timely and late-seeded wheat under optimal and stressed levels of soil fertility and moisture. Field Crops Research. 2004;89(2-3):205-218.
Duveiller EM, Kandel YR, Sharma RC, Shrestha SM. Epidemiology of foliar blights (spot blotch and tan spot) of wheat in the plains bordering the Himalayas. Phytopathology. 2005;95(3):248-256.
Badaruddin M, Saunders DA, Siddique AB, Hossain MA, Ahmed MU, Rahman MM, Parveen S. Determining yield constraints for wheat production in Bangladesh. In: DA Saunders, GP Hettel (eds), Proceedings of the Wheat in heat‐stressed environments: Irrigated, dry areas and rice–wheat systems conferences, 1993, Wad Medani, Sudan and Dinajpur, Bangladesh, Mexico DF, Mexico, CIMMYT. 1994;256–271.
Iftikhar S, Shahzad A, Rattu A, Mohammad F, Munir A. Selection of barley germplasm resistant to spot blotch. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 2009;41:309-314.
Eisa M, Chand R, Joshi AK. Biochemical and histochemical parameters associated with slow blighting of spot blotch (Bipolaris sorokiniana (Sacc.) Shoem.) in wheat (Triticum spp.). Zemdirbyste-Agriculture. 2013;100(2):191-198.
Duveiller EM, Sharma RC. Genetic improvement and crop management strategies to minimize yield losses in warm non‐traditional wheat growing areas due to spot blotch pathogen Cochliobolus sativus. Journal of Phytopathology. 2009;157(9): 521-534.
Iftikhar S, Shahzad A, Rattu A, Munir A, Fayyaz M. Screening of commercial wheat varieties to spot blotch under controlled and field conditions. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 2012;44(1):361-363.
Mohammadi R, Behzad S, Hasan A, Nowzar, Amri A. Field evaluation of durum wheat landraces for prevailing abiotic and biotic stresses in highland rainfed regions of Iran. The Crop Journal. 2015;3(5):423-433.
Manamgoda DS, Rossman AY, Castlebury LA, Pedro WC, Chukeatirote HME, Kevin D. Hyde. "The genus Bipolaris." Studies in mycology. 2014;79:221-288.
Duveiller EM, Sharma RC. Genetic improvement and crop management strategies to minimize yield losses in warm non‐traditional wheat growing areas due to spot blotch pathogen Cochliobolus sativus. Journal of Phytopathology. 2009;157(9): 521-534.
Maraite H, Zinno TD, Longree H, Daumerie V, Duveiller E. Fungi associated with foliar blight of wheat in warm areas. In Proceedings of the International Workshop on Helminthosporium Diseases of Wheat: Spot Blotch and Tan Spot, El Batán. 1998; 293-300.
Joshi AK, Chand R. Variation and inheritance of leaf angle, and its association with spot blotch (Bipolaris sorokiniana) severity in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Euphytica. 2002b;124(3):283-291.
Kumar S, Archak S, Tyagi RK, Kumar J, Vikas VK, Jacob SR, Srinivasan K, Radahmani J, Parimalan R, Sivaswamy M, Yadav M, Tyagi S, Bansal KC. Evaluation of 19,460 wheat accessions conserved in the Indian national genebank to identify new sources of resistance to rust and spot blotch diseases. PloS One. 2016;11(12): e0167702.
Ayana GT, Ali S, Sidhu JS, Gonzalez Hernandez JL, Turnipseed B, Sehgal SK. Genome-wide association study for spot blotch resistance in hard winter wheat. Frontiers in Plant Science. 2018;9:926.
Munsell Color., Baltimore. [Soil color charts]; Munsell soil color charts. Gretag Macbeth; 2000.
Jang S, Kwon SL, Lee H, Jang Y, Park MS, Lim YW, Kim JJ. New report of three unrecorded species in Trichoderma harzianum species complex in Korea. Mycobiology. 2018;46(3):177-184.
Joshi LM, Singh DV, Srivastava KD. Manual of wheat diseases. No. 632.311 JOS. CIMMYT; 1988.
Dubin J. Foliar blight disease scale. In Proc. 31st All India Wheat Research Workers Workshop, IARI, New Delhi; 1992.
Aggarwal R, Singh VB, Gurjar MS, Gupta S, Srinivas P. Intraspecific variations in Indian isolates of Bipolaris sorokiniana infecting wheat based on morphological, pathogenic and molecular characters. Indian Phytopathol. 2009;62(4):449-460.
Dinesh S, Varsha T, Beg MJ, Singh RK. Variability characterization of Bipolaris sorokiniana populations causing black point disease in wheat. Indian Phytopatho-logy. 2013;66(1):72-76.
Poloni A, Pessi IS, Frazzon APG, Van Der Sand ST. Morphology, physiology, and virulence of Bipolaris sorokiniana isolates. Current Microbiology. 2009;59(3):267-273.
Nasrin Z, Ferdousy ZA, Sarker BC, Sultana S, Adhikary SK, Mondal Chhoa. Effect of subculturing and culture age on sporulation and morphological characteristics of Bipolaris sorokiniana. Khulna University Studies. 2017;14(1 & 2): 59-70.
Bandyopadhyay S, Laha SK, Chowdhury AK, Bhattacharya PM. Characterization of different isolates of Bipolaris/Alternaria causing spot blotch/blight of wheat and their test of pathogenicity. Indian Phytopathol. 2016;69(4s):110-112.
Akram M, Singh A. Variability and characterization of host response to Helminthosporium sativum, incitant of spot blotch of wheat. Indian Phytopathology; 2012.
Mahto BN, Singh DV, Srivastava KD, Aggarwal R. Cultural variability in isolates of Drechslera sorokiniana. Annals of Plant Protection Sciences (India); 2001.
Chand R, Pandey SP, Singh HV, Kumar S, Joshi AK. Variability and its probable cause in natural populations of spot blotch pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in India/Variabilität und ihre wahrscheinliche Ursache in natürlichen Populationen des Erregers von Blattflecken (Bipolaris sorokiniana) an Weizen (Triticum aestivum L.) in Indien. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz/Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection. 2003;27-35.
Kumar U, Joshi AK, Kumar S, Chand R, Röder MS. Mapping of resistance to spot blotch disease caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana in spring wheat. Theoretical and Applied Genetics. 2009;118(4):783-792.
Tinline RD. Cochliobolus sativus: V. heterokaryosis and parasexuality. Canadian Journal of Botany. 1962;40(3): 425-437.
Christensen JJ. Physiologic specialization and mutation in Helminthosporium sativum. Phytopathology. 1925;15(12):785-795.
Tinline RD. Pathogenic and cultural variation in Cochliobolus sativus. Transactions of the British Mycological Society. 1960;43(4).
Hetzler J, Eyal Z, Mehta YR, Campos LA, Fehrmann H, Kushnir U, Zekaria-Oren J, Cohen L. Interactions between spot blotch (Cochliobolus sativus) and wheat cultivars. In Wheat for the nontraditional warm areas: a proceedings of the International Conference July 29-August 3 1990 Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil. Cimmyt. 1991;146-164.
Jeger MJ. Analysis of disease progress as a basis for evaluating disease manage-ment practices. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 2004;42:61-82.
Asad S, Iiftikhar S, Munir A, Ahmad I. Characterization of Bipolaris sorokiniana isolated from different agro-ecological zones of wheat production in Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 2009;41:301–308.
Henson JM, Butler MJ, Day AW. The dark side of the mycelium: Melanins of phytopathogenic fungi. Annual Review of Phytopathology. 1999;37:447–471.
Verma SK, Chaurasia SK, Pankaj YK, Kumar R. Study on the genetic variability and pathogenicity assessment among isolates of spot blotch causing fungi (Bipolaris sorokiniana) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Plant Physiology Reports, 2020;25(2):255-267.
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